Low defect, high purity crystalline layers grown by selective deposition

The purity and perfection of a semiconductor is improved by depositing a patterned mask of a material impervious to impurities of the semiconductor on a surface of a blank. When a layer of semiconductor is grown on the mask, the semiconductor will first grow from the surface portions exposed by the openings in the mask and will bridge the connecting portions of the mask to form a continuous layer having improved purity, since only the portions overlying the openings are exposed to defects and impurities

Advanced Czochralski silicon growth technology for photovoltaic modules

Several economic analyses had indicated that large-diameter, multiple ingot growth using a single crucible with melt replenishment would be required for Cz growth to be economically viable. Based on the results of these analyses, two liquid and two solid feed melt replenishment approaches were initiated. The sequential solid feed melt replenishment approach, which demonstrated elements of technical feasibility is described in detail in this paper. Growth results of multiple ingots (10-cm-diameter, totaling 100 kg; and 15-cm-diameter, totaling 150 kg weight per crucible) are presented. Solar cells were fabricated and analyzed to evaluate the effects of structure and chemical purities as a result of multiple growth. The results indicate that, with semiconductor-grade silicon, feedstock impurity build-up does not seem to degrade cell performance. For polycrystalline cells, the average efficiencies are 15 to 25% lower than those of single crystalline cells. Concerns regarding single crystal yields, crucible quality and growth speed are indicated, and present status and future research thrusts are also discussed

Corrosion at Sulphide Inclusions in Stainless Steel

Auger analysis was performed using a high resolution scanning auger electron microscope and auger electron spectroscopy. Elemental auger contour maps for corroded sulphide inclusions in stainless steel were presented. It was found that the copper enriched-manganese sulphide inclusions were uniformly corroded, which might be due to CU2S deposition on the surface of corroding inclusions. In contrast, manganese sulphide inclusions containing less copper were non-uniformly attacked, resulting in the formation of deep microcrevices at their edges

Sejarah Sosial Arab-islam Pada Abad VIII Dan IX M (Studi Tentang Pranata Sosial Era Abbasiah)

The history of Islamization in the archipelago, especially that happened since the 16th century has encouraged a writing tradition of religious manuscripts in huge numbers. The manuscripts can definitely be regarded as primary sources for reconstruction a social- intellectual history of Indonesian Islam in the past. One of the most important topics discussed in such sources is that relates to the history of blaming and marginalization of religious doctrine, especially that of Unity of Being (wahdat al-wujūd), or popularly known in Java as Manunggaling Kawula Gusti. This article will examine some Islamic works covering the discourse of controversy between the orthodoxy and heterodoxy that emerged since the mid of 16th and 19th centuries in the Archipelago. The first work that will be consulted is a Sufi treatise entitled at-Tuhfah al-Mursalah ila an-Nabi (the Gift addressed to the spirit of the Prophet) written by an Indian scholar, Fadl Alla>>>h al- Hindi al-Burhanpuri. Furthermore, this article will demonstrate the emergence of ‘derivative\u27 local works of at-Tuhfah, written both in Arabic and local languages. The works contain both opposing and supporting thoughts of the theosophical doctrine discussed in the at- Tuhfah

Reflection on the Production of Knowledge: From Postmodernism to Pseudoscience

In the last few years, the Indonesian government has impelled academics and higher education institutions as the centre of knowledge production to publish their works in reputed International journal. This policy is necessary to elevate the position of Indonesian higher education institution in the World University Rankings. In fact, such a policy will not only have impact on the status of the higher education institution but also in the course of human culture and society. This article tries to reflect on the impact of the implementation of the policy in the wider cultural context. Predictably, new knowledge will only be circulated among the elite academics and the higher education institutions will become inaccessible ivory tower for the society. On the other hand, the society will tend to consume more pseudoscientific knowledge which is more attractive and easier to understand. Ultimately this will have a significant impact on the course and quality of human culture

Power system applications of fiber optics

Power system applications of optical systems, primarily using fiber optics, are reviewed. The first section reviews fibers as components of communication systems. The second section deals with fiber sensors for power systems, reviewing the many ways light sources and fibers can be combined to make measurements. Methods of measuring electric field gradient are discussed. Optical data processing is the subject of the third section, which begins by reviewing some widely different examples and concludes by outlining some potential applications in power systems: fault location in transformers, optical switching for light fired thyristors and fault detection based on the inherent symmetry of most power apparatus. The fourth and final section is concerned with using optical fibers to transmit power to electric equipment in a high voltage situation, potentially replacing expensive high voltage low power transformers. JPL has designed small photodiodes specifically for this purpose, and fabricated and tested several samples. This work is described

TINJAUAN YURIDIS TERHADAP TINDAK PIDANA PORNOGRAFI MELALUI MEDIA CETAK YANG DITINJAU DARI UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 44 TAHUN 2008

Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untukmengetahui bagaimana pengaturan hukum terhadap tindak pidana pornografi melalui media cetak dilihat dari ketentuan Undang-undang No. 44 Tahun 2008  dan bagaimana penegakan hukum terhadap tindak pidana pornografi dalam media cetak (majalah dewasa). Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif, disimpulkan: 1. Pengaturan Hukum terhadap tindak pidana pornografi melalui media cetak telah diatur dalam beberapa Undang-undang yaitu Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP), Undang-undnag Nomor 43  Tahun 1999 Tentang pers, Namun Undang-undang tersebut belum memadai dan belum memenuhi kebutuhan hukum dan perkembangan masyrakat sehingga perlu dibuat Undang-undang secara khusus mengatur pornografi, terlebih khusus tindak pidana pornografi melalui media cetak, yaitu Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 44 Tahun 2008 Tentang Pornografi. 2. Penegakan Hukum merupakan kegiatan yang bertindak menserasikan nilai-nilai yang tersebar dalam norma-norma agar menciptakan ketentraman, memelihara dan mempertahankan kedaamaian dalam pergaulan hidup manusia. Didalam penegakan hukum terdapat, Kepolisian, kejaksaan, dan Kehakiman. Tetapi secara Da sein sudah 9 tahun semenjak keluarnya Undang-undang Nomor 44 Tahun 2008 Tentang Pornografi, Majalah dewasa masih bisa berdar di Indonesia dan mudah untuk didapatkan dengan keadaan sekarang dan bukti yang ada dapat dsimpulka penegak hukum belum berfungsi sebgaimana tugas dan tanggung jawab .Kata kunci: Tindak pidana, pornografi, media cetak

Ideologi Pendidikan Pesantren Kontemporer: Pendekatan Strukturalisme

: The Ideology of Contemporary Pesantren Education: A Structuralism Approach. Islam is the ideological foundation of Pesantren. The cultivation of Islamic values in students is an important aspect that should become a force in facing the social reality. This article discusses the ideology of traditional Islamic boarding School or Pesantren. In doing so, this work will be approached by structuralism. The objective of this article is to discuss the strategy of education ideology implementation to all santri so that such values of the Pesantren ideology can be deeply rooted in their daily life. The author finds that dissemination strategy of Islamic education ideology is via the kiai's expertise and his sound knowledge as a central figure for his community. In addition, the network that constructed between alumnus and society make that ideology values become easier to implement. What's more, the dominant role enjoyed by the Kiai lead to transformation process very attached to the whole social activities of the santris